1.

The specific objectives are to examine the causes of Mass Street begging, and identify the people that constitute the begging class and its consequences in M aiduguri. The study adopted political economy perspectives as the theoretical framework for analysis. The political eco nomy perspectives consider the notion of Boko Haram upon the premises of the social relation of productio n. The study argued that as a result of the shar ing of resources in a society, there is the probability of struggle between the upper and lower classes which according to Marx, this may lead to class struggle and class conflict between those in power and the Boko Haram members which may at least lead to revolution. The data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources derived from the questionnaire, while the secondary data were obtained from the review of relevant literature. The purposive sampling techniques were used. The study used 100 questio nnaires in data co llectio n, but only 80 were fo und useable for the analysis. The data wer e analyzed using descr iptive statistics. The major findings revealed that the majority of the respondents are male and singles, between the ages of 30-34 years. The findings also show that the major causes of str eet begging are poverty, and most of the people engaged in the act are the o ld age which includes both male and female, in which if they were provided with job, there is a

The legal documents used in collecting data are questionnaires; it was used to elicit information on street begging from the resp ondents. The marked population of the study was the whole universe of Maiduguri residential area. The town has an estimated household population of about 689,212 (Waziri , 2011) animated in fifteen (15) ward s. The study marked three (3) wards from the (15) ward s of the survey area. The wards are: Bulumkutu Abuja from Maisandari dominion with a total household of about 884, Lond on-Ci ki from Maiduguri dominion with a total of about 2,843 households and Shehuri North from Yerwa dominion with a total household of about 3,513. The digits above were produced from households registered for Polio Eradication Program in 2011.

The sample dwelled from male and female throughout the survey area. The study used three (3) wards (the London-ci ki, Shehuri North, and Bulumkutu-Abuja). Thirty Five (35) respondents were selected from the London-ciki ward, 45 from Shehuri North and 20 respondents from Bulumkutu Abuja making a total of 100 for the research. Out of the 100 questionnaires administered, ninety (90) were returned successfully. Out of the 90 questionnaires retrieved, six (6) was returned blanked while four (4) were found not useable for the analysis because of incomplete responses and too many cancellations by the respondents. Finally only eighty (80) questionnaires were found useable for the analysis. A purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting respondents because it gave the researcher ample opportunity to reach the targeted population who have knowledge about the effect of Boko Haram insurgency in Borno State, a study of street begging. More males were selected because they are the head of the family and also often come directly in contact with those engaged in street begging. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

IV.

From Table 1, 82.5% of the resp ondents were male, while 17.5% were female, 57.5% are single and 25,% were married, while 5% were divorced and 12.5% widow. Table 1 also shows that 20% of the respondents were within the age of 18-24 years, 27.5% between 25-29 years, 32.5% between 30-34 years, and 20% were in the range of 35 years and above. Furthermore, 1.25% of the respondent s had primary education, 23.75% had secondary school certificate and 55% had tertiary education while 20% had qur'anic education. Table 1 also shows that 21.25% of the respondents are still in school as Students, 2.5% were farmers, while 12.5% were traders, and 60% are civil servants, while 3.75% were of other occupations. Table 1 also shows that 7.5% of the respondents claimed that they have lived in the IDP's camp s for 2-4 years, 15% have stayed 4-6 years, 30% 6-8 years, while 47.5% have lived for over eight years in the study area.

Table 4 shows that 16% of the respondents believe that children constitute the population involved in street begging, 25%; claim that adults constitute the population of street beggers, while 59% claimed that old ages constitute the population of street beggars.

Table 7 revealed that 58% of the respondents opined that crime or criminal activities is one of the leading consequences of street begging, while 25%were of the opinion that debase personality is the consequences of street begging, and 17% thought that prostitution is one of the effect of street begging.

Table 9 shows that 48% of the respondents opined that accident is one of the effects of street begging, 20%claimed that kidnapping is one of the outcome of street begging, while 32% of the respondents claimed that prostitution is the effect of street begging. 10 revealed that 93% of the respondents believe that government is the one responsible in tackling street begging, while 7% of the respondents opined that Non-governmental Organization (NGO's) were the one responsible in harnessing the issues of street begging. The study implies that the majority of the respondents believe that the government is the one responsible for undertake the issues of street begging.

V.

From the result of the findings, it is clearly revealed that 82.5 percent of the respondents were male, while 17.5 were female. The majority of the responses from this research are male. It is also unveiled that 57.5 percent of the respondents are single, while 25 percent are married, and 5 percent were divorced, while 12.5 percent were widow, and there were no resp onses for the widowers. It al so implies that 20 percent of the respondents were within the age range of 18-24 years, 27.5 percent were within the age range of 25-29 years, 32.5 percent were within the age range of 30-34 years, 20 percent were within the age of 35 years and above. This implies that majority of the respondents were within the age range of 30-34 years. These findings were by that of Ogunkan et al. 2015), who indicated that poverty and the need to provide for the family form parts of the leading reasons for street begging in Maiduguri, Nigeria. The research also ob served that 1.25 percent of the respondents have primary educational qualifications, 23.75 percent have secondary school qualifications, and 55 percent were in the tertiary level, while 20 percent have qur'anic qualification. This implies that the majority of the respondents are in the tertiary level of education. Consequently the study also revealed that 21.25 percent of the respondents were students, 2.5 percent were farmers, 12.5 percent were traders, while 60 percent were civil servant s and 3.75 percent were with other occupations. This implies that the majority of the respondents are a civil servants. Moreover, 7.5 percent of the respondents believed that IDP's dwell for 2-4 years in the Camp, 15 percent of the respondents opined that IDP's stay for 4-6 years, 30 percent stay for 6.8 years, while 47.5 percent stay for eight years and above. The findings show that the majority of the respondents expressed that IDP's stay for eight years and above in camp .

The information revealed that 27.5 percent of the respondents believed that the IDP's have any means of income, while 72.5 percent concluded that they don't have any means of income. It can be summarized that the majority of the respondent s stated clearly that the IDP's don't have any means of income.

From the ab ove heading, it is revealed that 53.75 percent of the respondents believe that street begging is as a result of poverty, 45 percent pointed to lack of employment as the leading cause, while 1.25 percent was with the opinion that illiteracy is the major causes of street begging. Therefore, the result revealed that the majority of the respondent s believe that poverty is the leading cause of street begging in the Maiduguri. In the work of Adedube (1989) and Maishanu (2006) that poverty is viewe as a result of laziness, or lack of intelligence, which leads people to the act of begging on the street. It is also about Kennedy and Fitzpatrick (2001), Lynch (2005), Jelili (2006), Ogunkan and Fawole (2009), Ogunkan (2009), Tambwal (2010), Gloria and Samuel (2012), and Namwata et al. (2012). In such a vicious cycle, poverty is maintain across generations. To meet their basic needs, the poor resort to begging. As a result, the hapless are unfree into a begging lifestyle, with minor opportunity of dodging.

It is stated that 16.25 percent of the respondents believe that children constitute the large population of street begging, 25 percent of the respondents believe that adult constitute the number of beggars on the street, while 59 percent concluded that old ages constituted the number of beggars on the street. It indicated that the majority of the respondents were with the opinion that old ages constituted a large number of beggars on the city of Maiduguri, Borno, State, Nigeria. The finding also supported Elombah (2011), who categorically emphasize that it is common all over Nigeria to see Old ages and young adults who are supposed to be in some form of educational or vocational institution roaming the street hawking or begging on the streets. Similarly, elderly persons were found to engage in street begging than younger persons. Thi s is against the findings of Namwatal et al.

(2010) and clapper (2011), who deduced that people who are in the active age were found to engage in street begging.

The above statement revealed that 85 percent of the respondents believe insurgency increases mass street begging, while 15 percent were with the opinion It is reveal that 86.25 percent of the respondents opined that the government render help in tackling street begging, while 13.75 percent were with the opinion that government did not provide help in tackling street begging. This study reveal that majority of the respondents agreed that the government provides a remedy in harnessing street begging. Okoli (1993), the problem of begging has drawn the attention of governments at various level s. For instance, the Lag os state government made an effort to provide help by tackling the menace of begging in Lagos by building rehabilitation centers to cater for beggars.

The study revealed that 57.5 percent of the respondents opined that crime or criminal activities are one of the leading issue of street begging, while 25 percent of the respondents opined that debase personality is the aftermath of street begging, and 17.5 percent were with the opinion that prostitution is one of the consequences of street begging. Finally, the studies revealed that the majority of the resp ondents were with the persuasion that crime i s the preeminent consequence of street begging. Supported by Jowette, Banks, and Brown (2001), Horn and Cooke (2001), Lynch (2005), and Gloria and Samuel (2015). Namwata et al. (2012), in their findings, show that majorly the consequences of street-begging are poverty and crime. Beggars were into street-begging due to their unfitness to fulfil their local and modern basic need s of food, clothing, adjustment, education as well as engagement, after they lose either one or both of their guardian.

The above statement revealed that 37.5 percent of the respondent s believed that government should provide ample education to the victim of street begging, 7.5 percent opined that government should provide capital for business activities to thrive that will minimize or even eradicate the problems of street begging, while 55 percent of the respondents revealed that provision of food and shelter by the government would tackle the act of street begging. In summary, the study unveil that the majority of the respondents believed that provision of food and shelter to the victims will tackle the act of street begging. In the work of Okoli (1993), the problem of begging has drawn the attention of governments at various level s. For instance, the Lagos state government made an effort to resolve the menace of begging in Lagos by building reformation centers to cater for beggars.

The above information revealed that 47.5 percent of the respondents opined that accident is one of the effects of street begging, 20 percent of the respondents identified that kidnapping is one of the effects of street begging, while 32.5 percent of the respondents believe that prostitution is the effect of street begging. The study concluded that majority of the respondent conceive that accident is likely to occur as a result of street begging. Rahim, (2005) was of the view that unhealthy lifestyles or attitude might have direct or indirect consequences in the health and well-being of individual causing restlessness, accidents, and untimely deaths among others may occur as a result of street begging.

Lastly, the discussion reveal that 92.5 percent of the respondents believes that government is the one responsible in solving street begging, while 7.5 percent of the respondents opined that Non-g overnmental Organization (NGO's) were the one responsible in tackling the issues of street begging. The study implies that the majority of the resp ondents believe that the government is the one resp onsible for tackling the upshot of street begging. Elombah (2011), reported that the government is the one responsible for tackling the menace of street begging in Nigeria, particularly Maiduguri, where the incidence i s higher as a result of Boko Haram Attack in the villages.

The study has examined the effect of the Boko Haram insurgency in Borno State, The results of the study establish that the factors that cause people to become street beggars and the phenomenon of begging are diverse and multifaceted. Poverty influences begging to a large extent in all of the studied municipalities. Other factors include unemployment, physical challenges, death of both parents, and family disintegration as a result of insurgency.

This result indicates that respondents have some knowledge about the effects, causes, factors, and solutions to street begging. However, there i s a need to re-orientate people on the imperative role that education plays on the children who are involved in the act of begging. Hence, lack of reputable upbringing, lack of love from parents, poverty, and low educational status of parents needs to be addressed continuously by the government and community organizations and parents inclusive to prevent street begging.

The study highlighted the need for peace to return to Maiduguri, this is because it is only a society with ease and tranquillity that can strive to make ends meet. The effect of Boko Haram is such that has plunged even able-bodied men and women into street begging to help sustain themselves and their families in Maiduguri as a result of Boko Haram Insurgency that have been form over a decades. The Local , State, Federal Government, Non-governmental Organization and Individual Philanthropist look toward pulling such beggars out of the streets because they deserved better lives.

VII.

The following recommendations were suggested: i. Policy planners must ad opt several approaches if they are to have any impact on the lives of street beggars in all categories. Specific policies and other legislative agendas are needed in terms of age, sex, disability, and family-related issues to successfully address the issue of begging. ii. There is a need to advance more attempt to be situate on alter community attitudes towards beggars who are children with handicap and accenting the necessity of educating children with disabilities in to enable them to face their future as independent individuals. iii. If begging is an unwanted strategy, the governments and other stakeholders should create room for street beggars to make a living by getting other means of surviving. iv. All rehabilitation centers should be adequately maintain and well equip with basic needs. v. The Federal Government should assist the state Government (where there are Islamic school s) in providing food for students and those in the IDP's camps in the hope that they will not take to the streets. vi. The divert giving Scheme should be introduce in conjunction with social welfare agencies allocating funds for the underprivileged or less advantaged individuals with the hope to minimize or completely eradicate the acts. vii. The government should provide policy and programs that will empower street beggars with skills acquisition and start up a proper business and go into petty traders. viii. The government should gear up in the fight against Boko Haram so that there will be peace in Borno State, particularly the remote communities where the insurgency dominated so that the Internally Displaced Persons (IDP's) can g o back to their communities and engage themselves with their farming. ix. The government should provide free education to the beggars to enable them to understand life deeper and to have a psychological and social balance.

Volume XX Issue IV Version I