he tourism industry is not only one of the fastest growing industries in the globe but one of the largest employer generating billions of dollars yearly by chauffeuring and entertaining billions of tourists from one destination to another. However, in spite of all these dollars, the industry according to nascent studies has some profound negative socioeconomic, cultural, environmental, etc. impacts on communities, Sharma A. et al. (2012). Though the precise number of sex tourism casualties is unknown but what is indisputable is they are in millions with the gigantic majority being women and children; 49% and 33% respectively, Perrina C.M. et al. (2017).

A common and devastating misconception in many communities is child sex tourism is a rare incident in the communities and is usually committed by strangers but the reality is, it is becoming a common phenomenon in all societies regardless of socioeconomic and political standing in the globe and is not only committed by strangers but people of all walks of life including men and women, trusted friends or family members, people of all sexual orientations, socioeconomic status; and is causing untold harms to millions of innocent children around the globe Murray L.K. et al. (2015). Because victims and perpetrators of child sex tourism are so hard to identify for both support and prosecution, it is critical that studies are conducted to establish the causes and impacts to develop effective and efficient prevention and curative programmes. Thus, in order to mobilize the necessary human and financial resources to eliminate this horrendous phenomenon it is paramount to know the negative impacts of it in the first place. A preliminary but intensive literature has revealed that there are no well documented negative impacts of child sex tourism. Furthermore, this lack of systematic documentation beyond reasonable doubts has posed a great challenge for academics, human rights advocates, government institutions, NGOs, health; and social workers to both develop strategies and mobilize resources in alleviating the multitude negative impacts on the survivors and their families. Thus, this research is meant to address this gap in order to contribute to the saving of children, the "last hope" of every society, Perry K.M. et al. (2013).

Author ? ?: Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. e-mail: [email protected] II.

The fundamental rationale for the literature review is to examine the present scale and degree of the negative impacts of child sex tourism, share knowledge to spark and inspire a process that will usher rapid growth from all directions in the fight against the menace.

A systematic review of the literatures using information collected from different sources was actuated. Google Search Engine was used to search these articles. During the search numeration combinations of words and phrases were used to ensure articles reflect the most recent knowledge and scholarly works. The electronic searches were complemented by reference list screening and citation tracking using Web of Science and Google Scholar. The systematic search begot varied and voluminous articles which had to be sieved not only to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria but to ensure the fundamental objectives of the study are wrangled. Thus, the search was based on the following strategies: the articles were screen based on title, abstract, summary and conclusion; and peer reviewed status against the below captioned inclusion qualifications. Thus, in this regard, the articles were scanned, briefly but entirely reviewed and finally thoroughly examined against the aims and objectives of the study.

Therefore, only peer-reviewed publications published after 2000 were selected except extras perceived to be of fundamental mileage to the study. However, articles published by staunch international organizations known to have been working in the protection of children for years and has produced indefatigable knowledge in commercial sexual exploitation of the children were stealthily appraised.

The undermentioned procedures were followed in articles inclusion. That is, only: 1. Peer-reviewed articles. 2. Peer-reviewed articles on child sex tourism. 3. Peer-reviewed articles published from 2000 to 2019. 4. Articles on international or regional perspectives on child sex tourism. 5. Articles on child sex tourism published by internationals organizations with years of meritorious experiences in child protection.

To exclude some articles from the review, the below captioned criteria were applied. That is:

1. Non-peer reviewed articles. 2. Articles published before 2000 unless critical and impactful.

In spite of the fact that voluminous articles were trawled, only 39 (thirty nine) articles were qualified for review which is largely due to a dearth of data. In essence, only peer-reviewed articles and publications by international organizations considered being trustworthy because they occasioned standard, ethical and robust studies were reviewed.

The literature review has unveiled a variety of negative impacts which child sex tourism has both on the innocent children and the communities. To discuss these horrendous impacts, they are codified into physical, mental, psychological, identity crisis, health, emotional, educational, cultural, political, access to social services, drug addition, isolation, behavioral, environmental, social, human rights violation, dead; and positive consequences.

Children because they are not yet physically matured subjecting them to any harmful activity including sexual abuse is believed to have some negative impacts on their physical development concurring with Mitchels (2004) as captured in Rafferty Y. (2008), survivors resort to numerous antisocial behaviors to cope with realities in life for instance, harming themselves in order to acquire the sense of being in control via pain and for the older ones they persistently abuse drugs and alcohol to detach themselves from the battering of real life. Murray L.K. et al. (2015), victims are tortured, humiliated and forced to trade sex for survival needs: food, shelter, little money or drugs. Raphael, 2010 Gerassi L. (2015), majority of the casualties of child sex tourism was raped, physically and sexually walloped while under the incarceration of their pimps and traffickers.

Similarly, Yvonne R. (2019) reported in addition to living without security, being literally converted into commodities to be bought, sold and resold for labor or sexual exploitation, survivors of sexual exploitation have suffered adverse physical, psychological, social and emotional developmental problems. Rob V. Mental Impacts of Child Sex Tourism

Children are generally known to be mentally dainty and as such they deserved to be protected from anything that is capable of destabilizing their mental wellbeing. In the event that protection cannot be accorded or guaranteed, they are doomed to suffer mental deficiencies in any hazardous conditions as attested to by Ijadi-Maghsoodi, R., et al. (2016) victims of sexual exploitation are at hoisted risk of tremendous mental health problems which include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, substance abuse, anxiety; and suicidality. (Gaudin, 1999) as cited in Rafferty Y. (2008), victims of sex tourism and trafficking are not only robbed of numerous opportunities in life including education, critical chances to improve their lives and future socio-economic status but also being subjected to psychological, emotional, physical, and sexual perverts which result in developmental delays, language and cognitive problems, deficits in verbal and memory skills, poorer academic performance; and grade retention. Brooks, A. (n.d.), victims suffer a spiral of health problems including mental health due to drug dependency and poor living conditions.

Additionally, (Matos et al. 2013) as quoted in Brooks, A. (n.d.) reported, coercion into child sex tourism has detrimental long term mental problems and serious health negative impacts including sexually transmitted infection. Muftic & Finn (2013) as captured in Gerassi L. (2015), victims sustain increased rates of mental slippage, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and overwhelming trauma.

Children's psychological status vacillates like all adults. However, the impact a horrific occurrence is likely to have on children by far outweighed that of the adults. Therefore, it is natural that they are safeguarded from any harmful activity otherwise their psychological fitness for future development will be compromised as asseverated by (Mitchels, 2004) as quoted in Rafferty Y. (2008), fatalities being separated from families and loved one, traded like commodities and having to put up with trauma due to substantial harm through physical, emotional and sexual abuse result in life lasting psychological problems. Murray L.K. et al. (2015), survivors of child sex tourism are at increased risk of anxiety, nauseating sexual behavior and preoccupations, anger, guilt, shame, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and other psychological and behavioral perplexities throughout their entire life span.

Our identity does not only tell who we are but equally is a fundamental element in our socio-economic and political development as to a very large extent determines the types and degree of privileges and even opportunities to be enjoyed are tied to identity. For example, in certain communities even the full enjoyment of the universal human rights is connected with one's identity. For instance, in certain communities, one's identity determines the types of social services including the quality of healthcare services one is entitled to. Thus, anything that profoundly interferes with the overall wellbeing of a human being is likely to negatively affect his/her identity in the society as substantiated by Brooks, A. (n.d.), survivors suffer from loss of identity in terms of who they are, their given and family names as traffickers and pimps give them new names or worst of all, no name at all reducing them to a mere sexual merchandise. Neal M. (2016) revealed, though sex workers in the tourism industry are categorized as "dirty workers" and highly stigmatized, the sex tourists heavily criticized such labeling and character assassination.

Seemingly, for all human being health is the first priority as when there is no health there is no life. Though very critical in life, health is frangible and as such deserves maximum protection for the continuity of life. Determinant as it is, health can be compromised especially when a person is subjected to serious inhuman treatments including sexual abuse particularly at a tender age as averred by Ijadi-Maghsoodi, R 2018) reported, with the undue pressure on the local facilities and services like water supply, waste collection etc. which does not only result in new waste but equally series of dumpsites increasing breeding ground for mosquitoes and malaria infection. In the same vein, natives are forced to; for example, to fetch water from local wells that are already contaminated by sewages from hotels posing serious health hazards to impoverished communities.

Emotions are critical in the life of a person. For example, when a person is emotionally balanced s/he thinks straight and makes sound judgements not only for his/her own benefits but sometimes for the entire community. Emotions though fundamental are fluid in nature and can be easily destabilized even with a simple but inappropriate joke; talk less being treated as a sexual commodity. Thus, subjecting children to

To survive one needs to master the social and the physical environment with education as the fundamental conveyor. The attainment of quality and relevant education requires lot of things including a peaceful mind. In essence any activity that is proficient of destabilizing the mental wellbeing of a person particularly a child is a serious menace to education as corroborated by Hummel J. et al. (2018), in the tourism development areas children dropping out of schools is becoming common as these areas falsely present opportunities for children to make money by becoming guards and fishermen which impoverish communities that can scarcely afford daily meals for the children cannot snub.

Additionally, Rob J. L. (2008) impart, low academic attainments, malnutrition, substance abuse, low self-esteem, self-hate, feeling like an outcast, unworthy, unloved, unlovable and degradation are common consequences of child sexual abuse. Additionally, survivors sometimes become sex dependent because they often lack education, love and care by their own families to reintegrate into broader society for a better living condition. Human Rights Council (2016) postulates, tourism establishments lured girls from high school into sexual exploitation by allowing them to go on excursion with men in exchange for money and furthermore allowed tourists to be alone with them to engage in activities that often lead to sexual contact or acts.

Culture, the compass of life makes us what we are. Thus, we are human because we have culture. However, there is no culture without human. Because of it fluidity and rapid transmissibility any uninterrupted eventuality in a society can undulate its culture as people gravitate to it either consciously or unconsciously.

Therefore, horrendous activities including child sex tourism will not only affect people physically but even their lifestyles as authenticated by Sharma A. et al. (2012), children in the tourism are susceptible to numerous negative transformations like changes in habits, attitudes and outer appearance dragging them out of the societal culture while pushing them into wasteful or luxurious lifestyle, living in isolation from their peers and families. With children living in isolation, the family unit starts to disintegrate losing its fundamental function as a safety net and comfort zone for all for proper upbringing resulting in disorganized personalities in later adulthood. Sharma A. et al. (2012), in India, while the tourism industry has played vital roles in the socio-economic development of certain communities, it has equally degraded the culture, environment and the religious aspects of a number of communities by ushering some social problems including child trafficking, child labor, child pornography; and commercial sexual exploitation of children. Hummel J. et al. (2018), community leaders and family heads are getting discombobulated as the children are deeply engage in emulating the tourist western lifestyle including haircuts and dress styles and worst of all they tattoos and pierce their bodies and engross in blatant prostitution. Sarkisian, M. (2015) observed, in addition to the exploitation, the viewing of pornographic materials wrenches children comprehension of the world, life, behavior, etc. for bye resulting in nauseous behavior later in adulthood.

Well-functioning political system is a fundamental requirement for the socio-economic development of all communities in spite of their evolutionary stage. However, for an effective and efficient political system to exist; there must be peaceful coexistence in which each and every one's rights is fully observed, promoted and protected. In a community where the children, the future hopes, are coerced into commercial sexual exploitation, the fundamental social institutions including the democratic ones are condemned to fail with distinctions as bear witness to by Sharma A. et al. (2012), child labor including commercial sexual exploitation doesn't only adversely affect the child in all respects; change some social structures but also batters future democratic development of communities. Bauer I. (2016), sex tourism does not only directly or indirectly result in negative social, economic, socio-cultural but equally political as recently there have been some confrontations between tourism industry and the people.

Similarly, Nattavuthisit k. (2007) reported, sex tourism whether it is a human right violation or exploitation of survivors what is indisputable is it has jeopardized the image of many countries including Thailand. Chong K.L. (2014), sex tourism result in safety, security, health concerns, social conflict; and negative perception about a country.

Accessing quality and affordable social services is a fundamental human rights and any denial of such can lead to multitude of devastating ramifications particularly when it comes to the children. In the gruesome process of trading children as commercial sexual objects, their rights to accessing social services are seized as exemplified: Yvonne R. ( 2019

Survivors to put up with these horrendous circumstances including the associated psychosocial problems and ill health they turn to illegal drugs for solace. With the continuous abuse of these drugs in essence, to dodge away from the realities or cope with difficult circumstances, survivors become addicted as demonstrated by the findings of Ottisova, L. et al. substances have been used by pimps and other members of the syndicate to control girls, victims themselves have used drugs to survive violence. Sarkisian, M. (2015), once a child is entrapped in child sex tourism it become almost impossible to egress for a number of propulsions including drug addiction, danger to one-self and family, life-threatening diseases, dwindling health conditions, violence, suicide; and nonexistent of support.

XV.

Interacting with people especially closed ones is fundamental in our overall growth being physical, psychosocial, intellectual, emotional, etc. Through this, we feel accepted, valued, etc. and above all acquire the skills and knowledge to excel in the future. However, being a victim of certain phenomenon including commercial sexual exploitation result in stigmatization even if one is not responsible for it as revealed by Farley et al. (2015), prostitution is not only a cardinal demonstration of sexual exploitation victimization but momentous and weighty betrayal of women and girls due to their marginalization, vulnerability, sex, ethnicity, poverty, and historical abuse or neglect. Olomouc A.L. (2018), sex workers are not only vulnerable to physical abuse, racism based on color and sometimes nationality and status but more often than not suffer public disapproval and rights restriction and at worse seizure resulting in being threatened by death, state prosecution, imprisonment, forced eviction, fines, or losing anonymity. Hay M.D. et al. (2004), survivors of child sex tourism don't only get hooked to the sex trade but lose hope in the future, suffer isolation from families and loved ones, own sense of internalized shame, shunned by local and national programmes because they are perceived to be culturally besmirch and can pollute other children. Sarkisian, M. (2015), to further stigmatization victims of child sex tourism are treated as criminals and in some instances they are blamed for the exploitation and above all any harm inflicted on them is view as acceptable since they are perceived to bent on assassinating their family and associates honors.

To be successful in life, to a large extent depend on how one reacts to things. If one reacts positively and responsibly, one is likely to be successful vice-versa. Therefore, our behavior towards things, people including our very self is very critical in life. However, the manner in which one reacts towards stimulus is influenced by multitude of factors which are either internal or external. Thus, the condition to which one is subjected is no exception to a behavioral change as vilified by (Sneddon, 2003, Arellano, 1996& Widom et al. 1998) as captured in Rafferty Y. (2008), survivors experience suicidal thoughts, emotional difficulties, difficulties in fostering healthy relationships with peers, increase risk to abuse substances; and during adulthood they are harshly confronted with increase violence, antisocial behaviors; and relationship difficulties. Hummel J. et al. (2018), the tourists' lifestyle including mode of dressing, women being nude taking sunbath on the beach, openly consuming alcohol; and the nightlife is uncontrollably wheedling the children and young people's behaviors and attitudes in the community. Sarkisian, M. (2015), child sex tourism and pornographic materials make children deviant and as well to some degrees it negatively influences their conceptualization of what is normal, acceptable and manly in the community as can be noted in their language in which exploiters are call customers, pimps are song for, normalizing nudity, violent behaviors, sex on television shows, lyric around abuse of women, sex books and materials, advertisements for casual sex aids, etc. wantonly designed to challenge public perception towards child sex tourism and its associated shocks. Similarly, Sarkisian, M. (2015) declared, in addition to the exploitation, the viewing of pornographic materials wrenches children comprehension of the world, life, behavior, etc. for bye resulting in nauseous behavior later in adulthood. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children April (1999), victims later in life become juvenile delinquent as they get involved in criminal behaviors such as shoplifting and drug abuse.

The social environment in which we find ourselves is very critical in our current and future development for it makes us what we are and what we are likely to be in the future. Therefore, the social environment is a huge determinant in life as it dictates our behavior and ability to do things succinctly. Thus, certain unpleasant environment compromises our life as they influence our lifestyle being positively or negatively as unveiled by (Mitchels 2004) as quoted in Rafferty Y. (2008), survivors resort to numerous antisocial behaviors to cope with realities in life for instance, harming themselves in order to acquire the sense of being in control via pain and for the older ones they persistently abuse drugs and alcohol to detach themselves from the battering of real life. Impacts of Child Sex Tourism Systematic Literature Review nmental Impacts associated with the continuous threats, isolation, witnessing the abuse of their fellows, etc. did not only massively jeopardized their emotional wellbeing but equally tempered with their self-concept, personal goals, and relationships with others including their peers, leading to social withdrawal among others negativities. Hay M.D. et al. (2004), survivor of child sex tourism and other dehumanization activities often transmit these horrendous behaviors on their children while upbringing them, thus perpetuating the continuity of these inhumane conducts.

Similarly, Murray L.K. et al. (2015) revealed, majority of the survivors more often than not are at the risk of experiencing prolong social and/or medical problems in adulthood which include excessive alcohol consumption, drug abuse, suicidal attempts, marriage and/or family dolor and dejection, high risk sexual behavior (e.g. multiple sexual partners); and sexual revictimization. Hughes D.H. ( 2004), communities bear the associated financially and social costs of the sex industry more especially the neighborhood in term of providing social services to prostitutes, paying for medical treatment and supporting victims, clearing the streets littered with condom wrappers, used condoms, soiled tissues, used syringes, and other unhygienic and unsightly garbage.

The promotion and protection of human rights more especially, that of the disadvantaged ones is one of the cardinal responsibilities of every government. Any abuse or denial of any human right is not only unlawful but a threat to the very survival of society and its development. Thus, the coercing of children into sex tourism is a blatant violation of their fundamental human rights as substantiated by Carolin L. et al. (2015), child sex tourism is one of the principal ethical issues in the tourism and hospitality industry as it is a blatant massacre of the children basic human rights, the UN 2008), survivors are often arrested and imprisoned and above all labeled by society and government as common prostitutes making them feel hopeless and helpless regarding their future and whom to trust to heal from their horrendous experiences. Santoes B. S. (2011), revealed (Anderson and Davidson, 2002)reported due to the strong social stigma associated with female prostitution, the survivors' human and civil rights are always violated apart from few countries where their rights are protected. Montgomery, H. (2008), concluded, it is an unostentatious demonstration of modern slavery and a major fundamental human rights violation meted on innocent children.

Life is the most prestigious gift to human kind for without it there is no human. In spite of this critical value, it can evanesce without maximum care and protection. Thus, any traitorous circumstance including commercial sexual exploitation of children can result in exanimation as vouch for by Sharma A. et al. (2012), poor working environment, long hours of work, couple with low wages can result in poor health and subsequently dead. Gateway Foundation (2018) as quoted in Olomouc A.L. (2018), survivors of child sex tourism are sometimes drug addicts which subsequently tantamount to poor and unhygienic social conditions comprising their overall welfare leading to mood disorder, behavioral problems, psychosis, damaged immune system, cardiovascular conditions, brain damage, birth defects, or even untimely death.

Regardless of the adage that everything has a good and negative side, majority of us can barely notice the good side of the sex industry. This is largely due to many factors including our culture. Thus, it can be astonishing to many ordinary people that the sex tourism industry has some positive impacts as manifested by Brooks, A. (n.d.), because of the associated benefits both to individuals and the states, for instance, at structural level, the boosting of the sex industry in Thailand support the Thai economy, there is soaring criminal activities to the point that even the powerful ones in the communities turn a blind eye to its occurrence. Hummel J. et al. (2018), the income from the sex tourism industry is very critical for the wealth and health of most children. Olomouc A.L. (2018), the industry generates employment opportunities which pay far better than the conventional ones, represents lucrative alternatives for local inhabitants to improve their standard of living, serves as temporary means of subsistence for poverty stricken communities, etc. and as such some believed with proper regulatory mechanisms it is more decent than other employments in the informal economy. Furthermore, Yates (2016), the industry like most industries for certain governments it symbolizes a thriving development strategy more especially, developing nations as it is not only an economic revenue for sex workers but equally the state since sex tourists pay travel agencies, accommodation, transportation, cultural sites, bank services; and many other services offer by the destination, thus an economic force to be reckon with.

Similarly, Olomouc A.L. (2018) stated socially the industry pays dividend in the form of social relationships both between the tourists and sex workers and sometimes even with the locals which sometimes result in marriages, foreign resettlements, financial security, enhanced living standard for families, remittances, gifts; and educational sponsorship for some family members. Guiney T.G. et al. (2014), Cambodian orphanage tourism is blame for a variety of corruption and exploitation of children for profit. Additionally, broader political economy in the tourism industry has consistently being an obstacle in the fight against corrupt practices including child sex tourism. Nattavuthisit k. (2007) divulged, child sex tourism is expanded and maintained because of the benefits accrued to network of stakeholders such as prostitutes, local entrepreneurs, leisure companies and the state in the form of foreign exchange. Zafft C.R. (2010), in Philippines the sex industry is the fourth largest source of gross national product of the country. Montgomery H. (2014), child sex tourism though physically dangerous and difficult, causalities claimed their parents are caring and loving and the family appreciates their involvement in the industry and above all, it is keeping them together. Zafft, C.R. et al., (2010) unveiled, any attempt to define child sex tourism with the ultimate objective of rising public awareness of its negativity for subsequent criminalization would tantamount to a great threat to a lucrative business both for the government and private sector as it scares the tourists away. Bevilacqua E. (1998) as quoted in Steinman K.J. (2002) concludes, child sex tourism is an incredibly lucrative, world-wide industry.

The fundamental limitations of the study include:

1. Being conducted within very short period of time. 2. There was no financial support from any institution or individual. 3. The articles reviewed were not without limitations. 4. It was not exhaustive review of the literatures on the menace. 5. The cut-off year for the commencement of the reviewed has debarred some expository studies. 6. Reviewing articles that are easily accessible disbars hermeneutic and probably more up to date ones.

XXII.

In summary, the negative impacts of sex tourism are multitudinous and include physical, mental, psychological, identity crisis, health, emotional, educational, cultural, political, social services access, drug addition, isolation/stigmatization, behavioral, environmental, social, human rights violation, dead, positive impacts. In conclusion, they can be simply departmentalized as medical, social, psychological, physical, and environmental in form and nature.