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The Emergence of Fascist Movement (1914 -1930) (Historical Perspective) Dr. Mahmmoud M. Al-Jabarat Abstract-This study presents, within historical perspective, the Fascism movement emergence in Italy at the beginnings of 20 th . Century, in a way to enable us realizing Fascism's movement, the accompanying intolerance and violence prevailed in international relations at that time; which were seemed as contemporary phenomenon at the beginning of 21 st . century, under the control of unilateral global regime whereas the public or parliamentary role is Marginalized or even cancelled in making crucial decisions at the National State Level. The foregoing works to foreshadowing the emergence of related intolerance and violence historical phenomena which can turn into a totalitarian dictatorship regime practicing violence via means similar to those practiced by Fascism Movement.

The main idea herein is based on historical experience's recovery as to Fascism movement in Italy, development and impact thereof on its international relationships, as well as followed tactics therein. The foregoing offer us understanding in terms of contemporary new phenomenon which is still in its initial stage, and thus contributing in increasing the historical awareness, comprehend contemporary problems and impacts thereof.

Europe's contemporary history, fascism, fascist thinking and violence, international relations history, historical perspective.

Preamble he last decade of 20 th Century and first decade of 21 st . decade witnessed historical phenomena linked to Intolerance and violence, supplied by global Unilateral regime system through forced controlling practiced on other countries sources, accompanied by faith in prevail ideas; Ibn Khaldoon. The foregoing worked to call us for studying the previous historical phenomena; most prominent thereof is Fascism movement. We shall try to focus the light on Fascism movement, development thereof in Italy the impact on Europe, in our way to circulate the interest and clarify our current stand.

The Fascism movement that emerged in Europe during the term between both world wars is considered one of three great revolutions took place as a result of the First World War and paved the way to the 2 nd . World War. Thus it formed effective factor and method of governing that affected the International relationships in the 20 th . Century. We shall present herein the factors that laid its influence in emerging this Author: Al Balqa Applied University, Amman University College for Financial and Administrative Sciences. e-mail: [email protected] movement, intellectual frame which the movement is launched from, and lastly the cultural frame which it depended on.

The impact of Fascism movement on the international relationships at that era was distinguished and important, especially during the era that preceded the 2 nd World War. Besides further reactions thereof; once we know that the movement emerged firstly in Spain and Germany.

Studying the movement in Italy importance comes from the fact that the movement could form a government in Italy and went further to seek for totalitarianism and to disseminate its experience in governance. So its experience in governance and business scope in the global system did influence its international relationships which is the sphere that we are heading to tackle herein.

The historians used to attribute this movement to reasons connected to Europe circumstances during the era which followed the 1 st . World War (1914)(1915)(1916)(1917)(1918). This theory is based on analyzing Europe circumstances and outcomes generated from 1 st . World ware and impacts thereof not only on Europe but especially on Italy and Germany, and further developing special political ideas which appeared after the war.

The movement emergence factors are divided into two types: first type: direct causes linked specially to Italy and are represented by Italy's domestic statuses, its disappointment from the war outcomes; Treaty of Versailles. Such factors could be included in:

? The fact that Italy was stabled and unified. But due to the availability of many political parties and problems, parliament failure to rectify the economical condition therein forced Italy to enter the war alongside the Allies to achieve benefits, while in fact it suffered losses estimated at 64,000 dead and around one millions wounded, in addition to loosing much money in the war. The Allies did not confess its rights and demands, most important of which were not achieved; i.e. South Tyrol cause or Alto Adige and Adriatic problem as well as Fiume cause.

? Italy was forced to waiver its share in Germany heritage in African colonization against amending its kingdom borders in North Africa. Such amend did not match with what it assigned, in addition to its inability to achieve the expansion right in Turkey which was promised to have and approved in London confidential treaty signed on 1915.

? The 1 st . World shaped Italian internal status with negative results; higher prices, more taxes, less fuel, internal and external trade decrease. Moreover weak governments controlled Italy; five governments during four years, neither of which owned clear and scheduled policies inside and outside Italy.

? The hard economical condition, and failure of Socialist and the Catholic parties in rectifying the crises, the fragmentation of such parties all of the foregoing contributed in bringing Italy into complete deterioration at the beginning of Giolitti regime in 1920.

? The popular discontent increased on the governments and people in charge, after the country witnesses idleness, unrests, murder acts, theft, burglary, bribery, poverty and comprehensive disorder, security disturbances under the communism and thus Italy found out that communism formed serious risk that threat Italians lives and wealth. The Italian people resorted to Fascism, its instructions to ran away from such risks. In spite of the foregoing, the Italian government believed that such Chaos will fade by itself. All of the foregoing conditions worked together to emerge the Fascism movement.

The Fascism theory set out its business scope based mainly on cancelling the Nation; the nation shall have not role in the regime, cancel national role in the political business and the state sovereignty shall survive all individuals freedom and thus force the individual to subordinate to the will of the state willy-nilly and the state shall be chaired by a leader who gather all powers to achieve great dash as stated by historian (Renouvin, 1959, p. 173).

The second refers to pool of external and far away causes which contributed in deepen the Italian internal reasons and influence thereon; such as:

? Italy reacted angry and spiteful as to the war results, as to those who were Heroes, as such statuses pushed Germans and Italians to approach communism and almost there was communist revolution starting to arise in Italy and communism worked to enforce the national trend in Italy to face the Fascism. In the absence of Italian socialism vision, the ascending internal problems accompanied by the industrial unrests increase the Fascism became anti communism movement in Italy.

? Conflicts of interests among great nations, unavailability of minimum understanding and solidarity among damaged states and Italy stay on the sidelines of the concerns of allies, even its offered sacrifices during the war, which was expressed by Mussolini "Italian victory which exceeded the other armies", led to deepen the Fascism trend.

? Where the anti Fascism groups failed to cooperate among each others, and communists refusal to cooperate with the Italian communists, the Liberal Italian Prime Minister; Giolitti, offered the Fascists the opportunity to enter the elections to obtain seats in the parliament hoping that such participation shall work to force them to have sense of responsibility.

While the Fascism theory stands to criticize the Parliament freedom, and the parliament system leads to disputes among parties due to conflict of interests, which shall lead for sure to, chronic unrest. Even though, the Fascism used the elections stage as a step ahead to achieve its goals. By this Mussolini could catch up with National Rally with Giolitti, Nationals and its followers, and thus he won 35 seats in the Italian Parliament (Kitchen, 1994, p . 136)

The Fascism is defined as: a political movement that governed Italy during the term 1922-1943, Germany during 1933-1945, Spain during 1939-1975 and other countries in different eras (Britannica, 1995, p.691). Although such expression became multi purposes issue, but within the international relationships scope the Fascism witnessed close coupling with the Imperialism, military and nationalism trend. Dashing from it's believe; Racial superiority; leads to control and invasion policies even eliminating the minimum race. On the other hand it works to subjugate the international law and morals to national necessities concepts defined by the leadership (Charisma) which considers that " sayings; right to strength, justice stands besides the strongest" are its central features.

Mussolini emphasized on the saying that Fascism is religious concept, and if it is not such, then how it works to grant such strength and courage to its followers? Nothing great could be achieved except in emotional state of love, religious act (Ghuerin,1965, p. 136-137).

The foregoing was considered response to the free and parliament doctrine which was attacked after 1919, due to economical and financial crises from one side and the parliament system inability to solve such crises from other side. Italian word (Fascismo) is derived from Italian word Fasces which is Dardar sets or set of bars wood containing axe. This word is adapted from Old Roman which refer to pool of sticks and axe in front which symphonizes to power including life and death power (Britannica, p. 691). Fascism movement in Europe sat out contradiction among Democratic regimes and gathering regimes of whatsoever shape is, also among the gathering regimes itself (Renouvin, 1959, p. 154). Therefore, the movement was defined as mere internal movement, without any external support; physical or moral, and thus it did not depend in its growth on centralism in management or aims united. It is a pool of mere local & independent movements as to its leaders, different in its objectives and goals. One of the inspiring persons of this movement is the Italian poet Gabriele D'Annuzio who extolled the adventures, violence and war in 1919 as factors to face the Italian economical conditions, and in the same time he led the campaign on Fiume City; called now Rijeka in Croatia and controlled thereof 16 months (Britannica, p. 691).

In 1919, Mussolini established the Fascism movement in Milano City, and in the same time his ideas clarified the Fascism state concept; i.e. "Must be headed by qualified leader to perform great rush, and such leader has to concentrate power in his hands". He added also "The nations do not become aware of itself except via Enthusiasm which the exceptional person who receives the power does raise. (Renouvin, p. 153).

One of political theorists; who contributed in developing the Fascism ideas as to international relations, was French philosopher Georges Sorel (1847-1922) who declared his disbelieve in Parliament parties, but in turn he believed strongly in the strength of the economical factors, and believed in elite of poor persons to chair the government and seeks to establish syndicates, and preparing thereof to the public strike day where such Syndicates shall be prepared to eliminate the high and medium classes. Also he believed in violence to achieve the goals to access to power (Gokhale, p 246) Philosopher Herdel, Darwin scientist, Nietzsche Philosopher, Marinetti, and Historian Spengler & Chamberlain. He depended on the prevailing trend ideas of the political philosophers; Machiavelli, Hobbes, Hegel who assured that the state power is derived from heaven (Gokhale, p. 246).

Therefore, Fascism, in terms of internal scope, assures the national group right more that its assurance as to individual rights. By this we can notice some exaggeration in terms of National state power which owns control of all live forms in the state, including family, and thus it does not offer room for internal power outside its control. This shall lead at the end, for sole party dominance allowed by the state only. According, the Fascism trick is considered religious sense exhume in its oldest form, and in the same time glorification of the concerned man and worship thereof, then applicability between this worship and country worship. (Ghuerin, 1965, p. 140).

The Fascism criticizes the parliament freedom and in that context Mussolini stated "The parliament regime leads to dispute among parties; confrontation among special interests and chronic unrest. So Mussolini assured that the state creates the nation and grants the nation will (Renouvin, p. 153).

Therefore, the Fascism was defined as nonspecific features in terms of its political efficiency, and it is difficult to renew its thoughts and principles. So a current European historian described thereof as holistic theory defends Dictatorship to glorify the state (Gokhale, p. 245).

The Fascism did not deliver a view or political book to explain its philosophy, as communist movement, and Mussolini continued to change its objectives until 1923, whereas he showed his concern to access to power and thence developed its ideas through its way to the power (Lowe, 1982, p. 71).

The Fascism state was considered a form of capitalism state, but, as communist theorists, it is semi state which its existence came after political crises which justifies state interference in many issues such as:

"Amending the relations among the repressive system and Ideological regimes, and replace the controlling branch or system, also amendments in the judicial systems; rationing and borders, amendment on election principles, and its significance as to one party: Severe Bureaucratization, parallel networks and channels as well hidden relations among it, (Poulantzes, 1979, p. 25) .

The beginnings of Fascism movement was formed in Italy in 1914, once Mussolini formed organizations from his supporters calling for engaging Italy in the 1 st . world war alongside with allies. Mussolini led propaganda campaign for such purpose in the newspaper whose Editor was Avanti, representing the socialist Italian party which was the expositor as to Italy participation in the war in breach as to Mussolini trends which its Extreme nationalism. This caused to dismiss him from the editor office and leaving the Socialist party. He moved to Milano, where he issued with his supporters Popolo D'Italia newspaper (Italy population), under the slogan of Worriers and producers newspaper (Fayed page 60). Through this newspaper he called for Italy participation in the war alongside the Allies and he seconded using violence. The Fascism group could stir the people against Giolitti government through Milano revolution which succeeded in overthrowing the government and form new government chaired by Salandar, The Prime Minister who agreed for Italy participation in the war. In 24/5/1915 Italy entered the war alongside with England and France. wounds on 22/2/1917 and treated in hospital for months. After that he quite his enrollment and returned to his newspaper as Journalist. He exploited his efforts to improve the spirit of the Italian people until the war ended by Allies victory and his idea as well to attain Italy unity. He started his struggle to bring Fascism idea into realty and formed Fascists party in Milano called Fasci Di Comibatimento (Eabboud, 1989, p.55).

The new committee did have determined goals in Italy, except what is acquired from its name, which refers to defending the soldiers' rights or the proletariat of the Trenches who became idle within the economical recession after the war end. This committee had been declared in 23/3/1919 after institutional meeting attended by fifty men, whereas they emphasized the violence and dictatorship (Cornwell, 1982, p. 31).

Mussolini started his opposition as to Italian parliament claiming group of wide changes in the economy; i.e. transfer the land title to farmers alone, define working hours at 8 /day, laborers benefits out of profits, transferring the arms factories to the government ownership, impose high taxes on capitals, raise inheritance tax, attaching 95% of war profits, apply hanging penalty against who exploits crises to obtain illegal profit. His demands stirred the discontent of Aristocracy, major owners? while socialists attacked him due to his status being away from them.

The fascists participated in the parliament elections for the first time in 1919 and acquired 4000 votes only. Some thought that this result indicated Mussolini failure or his end. Italian police raided the Fascists party offices and confiscated weapons therein which worked to arrest Mussolini, but he was released. He concentrated to form effective government that can treat the Italian problems, especially idleness.

Mussolini could collect 20,000 worriers in Milano, and adopted black dress for his supporters. In the same time the socialists generated splendid winning, but the fascists could detect defects in the socialist party as effective opposition. Fascists used all means to fight their opponents via enhancing the fear from communists and they may form government as that in Moscow, and they started to raise the fear of the owners and medium class people and used for such purpose all available media means. The socialists leaned to arbitrary ways to resist the reluctant parties, which shaped the socialists by carelessness as to the regime, and cruelty in resisting the criticism.

Therefore, the laborers started taking over the products and commodities by force, the areas witnessed daily violent acts in the streets, banks, railways and public buildings us subject to attacks. The situation became more and worse once the allies stopped their support to Italy, and the released soldiers did not find place to work. This worked to increase the riots and disturbance acts as well as theft and burglary, farmers abandoned their villages, half million of socialism laborers occupied hundreds of factories in the cities to be controlled by them and for their favor, while complete areas were subject to the control of Bolshevism entities.

The senior proprietors, factories owners and rich people were afraid of the socialism movement's success which was witnessed in Italy to work in putting Italy under the control of communism, and then such parties considered Mussolini as a person who can destroy the socialists and communists. The Bolshevists were more confident and started to serve armed campaigns against the socialists and communists, attaching their newspapers, firms, and in the same time they received support from Italian Businessmen.

These acts caused 3000 persons from non Bolshevists to be killed, 300 Bolshevists were also killed during the term 1920-1922. Once the parliament elections took place in May 1921, after dissolving the parliament (Gokhale, p. 248) the Fascist party won the elections and filled 35 seats in the parliament, while the socialists won 122 seats, and communists won 16 seats. Thus the socialists' sovernigity was obvious in the parliament.

The elections were considered as an achievement of Mussolini who led propaganda campaign with the opponents' representatives in the parliament and outside, to enhance his stand even the leas number of Fascists in the parliament. He started his movement by occupying the seats in the right side that represented the opponents in the council and they were under his control. Then he delivered his speech in the council in the opening session as opponents leader by saying "I am atavistic, I fight parliament systems and struggle against democracy and socialism" (Fayed, p.63).

Fascism was up to October 1921 big movement spreading in all Italy, but it was not organized political party. In November 1921 it addressed invitation to conclude general conference in Rom attended by representatives of 2200 Fascism societies. Number of representatives was 310,000. On 7/11/1921, the Fascism party, headed by Mussolini, declared its fixed aims which the party intended to achieve as follows:

-Re-consider the peace treaties and omit contradictions therein as to Italy interests. -Global peace.

-Annexation of Fiume port to Italy.

-Supervise Italians interests residing in Dalmashia.

-Work to increase the local production to enable Italy to reach to economical self-sufficiency. -Improving Italian relations with other states in a way to maintain its dignity and interests without breach as to its borders in the north and south.

-Adopting colonization policy to fulfill Italians ambitions and obtaining its rights.

-Following cultural and economical means, and all modern transportation means to link with Mediterranean countries and establish colonies in the Mediterranean beaches. Mussolini concluded its speech saying "All responds that Rome shall recover its stand to direct Europe civilization, and to be the core of activity and strength therein. We have to receive this innovation and inherit such hopes to the coming generations to make Italy steel state and strong, and the Italians which no civilized and great future could be attained without the Italians". Mussolini sat out for his party members' special uniform (black shirt with special sign) and special greeting sign "raising the right hand as Romanian customs" (Fayed, p. 65-66).

Mussolini felt his and his party strength, so he started since 1922 to declare that future is for Fascists, and claiming to amend election method, changing the foreign policy of Italy. Once the Anarchie Party declared a general strike in August 1922, Mussolini claimed the government to diminish such strike by force and conclude conference in Napoli attended by 40,000 Fascists with their military uniforms in the streets. Mussolini addressed his threats if the government did not do this, the fascists shall do it by themselves, while he was reviewing his strength (Gokhale, .p.248). After further two months, he started demanding governance, and threatened that he shall acquire the governance by force and began his marching to the capital (Rome).

On 26/10/1922 Mussolini started calling his party who were organized in Semi-military units to march to Rome. In the same time Italian King Vittorio Emanuel declared the marshal laws to avoid civil war. Mussolini acquired governance in illegal manner, and he was invited by the king to fill Prime Minister Office on 11/1922, after Luigi Facta government offered its resignation after the king refused to issue decree to declare the marshal law to face Mussolini and fascists party (New Cambridge, p. 2486).

This marked Fascism role and importance lead by Mussolini to provoke crises then dealing with its inputs, including addressing threats to correct faults by force and violence which threatened the monarchy who was afraid of a civil war to start in Italy.

i. Gabriel D'Annunzio 12/3/1862-1/3/1938 Was Italian poet, novelist and writer of wide culture and skills, and exceptional writer. Once Italy entered the 1 st . world war he converted from hooker poet to hard soldier, worrier defending his country in the army, marine and air force. He worked hard and lost one of his eyes in Air battle, and his plane could survive in many air battles.

After the war end Danninzino occupied Fiume city and declared himself ruler therein for fifteen months challenging the Italian government All allies troops. He was the most ardent as to Fascism movement in Italy; he was famous as poet and prose writer.

He composed 50 books which acquired him wide fame in poetry and literature, novels and theater (Budhunba, 1994, p. 900.).

ii. Benitto Mussolini (29/7/1883-28/4/1945) He was called by Kont Grandi "One of the Fascism leaders, who served Mussolini for 22 years. He acquired Mussolini confidence that filled many senior governmental offices and described him to be Artful, a genius, a charming and crazy at the same time. His origins go back to Dovia village in Di Predappio Region. His mother Roza was a teacher, and his father; Alessandro Mussolini was blacksmith. During 1857-1880 his father was working as laborer in Meldola city where he was affected by some of Internationalism thoughts; labor movement started in Britain then spread into Europe, fueled by Carl Marx ideas and communism during 19 th . Century (Britannica,vol.6,pp 344-345), and further he became one of its preachers. Once he returned to his village, he opened smith workshop and started his internationalism propaganda. He met success but the police arrested him with his colleagues due to doubts and roomers surrounded such movement.

Mussolini was born and raised in Romagna region where political business controlled thereof. Each person used to join such party or strong and familiar political body. Such bodies and parties were chaired by half-educated persons. So they liked strength and its features, and thus they were considered the physical strength for everything that achieve their goals; presidency, money, reputation etc.. Mussolini carried with him during his marsh to Dictatorship the environment impact where he was born, and after he completed his preliminary education, he joined the teachers' school as his mother wish, obtained certificate qualifying him to be a teacher in the preliminary schools. He filled his first job as morning teacher in Cinque Terre City, Emalia region looking to Po River, against a salary of 56,000.00 I.L each month. In the evening he used to communicate with the politicians and cultured persons in the city and strengthened his relations with the socialists.

His teaching work die not replied his ambition, so he left his work in 10/6/1906 and went to Switzerland. He arrived there penniless and stayed for a short period in Switzerland during which he practiced building works. During his work he used to feel and touch the building greatness and tasted it as well (Budhunba, p.900). His socialist newspaper and could witness social, economical and political sciences. He used to deliver speeches which aroused the Switzerland authorities and further they deported him to Geneva and Louzan, then they cramped him which forced him to return to his village Dovia in 1908.

During this stage of his life he felt that he is isolated in his village due to roamers that he was Extremist socialist, and dangerous rebel, he started to amuse himself by studying music and play on the violin. The he was called for conscript military service and joined the army.

During 1909, Mussolini wrote in many newspapers; stories and poetry and he became famous until he was appointed secretary in the Toronto Chamber Of Commerce, where he wrote small book titled Toronto from socialist's point of view whereas he expressed his socialism trends and his opposition as to take side with Germans. In 1910 he returned to Forli city and entered the political arena then he was sentenced to jail for one year charged by public and soldiers incitement for mutiny. When he was released from jail he became more revolutionary person and his famous started to spread in Italy, due to the fact that Forli region was stronghold of rebels and socialists.

In 1912 He delivered his speech in the socialism conference which was held in Bologna and his power increased, where he showed Oratorical genius through attacking the Public parliament claiming to decrease its delegated power, and further the conference attendants responded to his demand. His prominent phrases in his speech were" Italy is the nation where the parliamentary decomposition and its inherited disturbance reached the maximum limits. For this reason my belief is fixed of the parliamentary system is not efficient, and public election witnessed failure" (Renouvin, p.173). Mussolini described himself as socialist "He does not believe in Regime patching, his principles add conciliation meanings, and he does not believe that the productive majority is the way for victory. Mussolini was socialist and his confidence is based on strength, he was extremist rather than moderation and tolerance, his logo in the party "no moderation nor middle solution" (Robert Paris 1962, p 261).

Later Mussolini became editor of the Socialism party Dell' Avanti. At the time where the socialists' representatives were objecting his ideas, he used to criticize them via his newspaper that used it for revolutionary propaganda and support all revolutionary movements.

During Ancona conference in 1914, Mussolini reached to his utmost fame, especially in the conference which was held after disturbance and spoilage incidents which raised public against the government. During the conference he attacked free builders and their regulations, and declared that such regulations are principles and instructions which are not in line with socialism and principles thereof. That was as war declaration against Masonries which enjoyed power and strength over all the Italian life at that time.

On declaring the first global war in 1914, Mussolini was supporting Italy neutrality, and in the same time he did not object Italy engagement in the triple alliance. He also said that Austria was not subject to attack, and declaring the war against France shall be faced Italian people motions, and shall lay hindrances in Italy marsh. Gradually he showed tendency to participate in the war against Brosian Military power and defending the liberty. So he declared that Italy shall participate in the war to recover Italian lands which were under Habsburg family control. So he established strong propaganda and press campaign, he started collecting supporters and urge Italians for such purpose which caused him to be dismissed from the newspaper editorial Dell' Avanti then he left the Social party in September 1914.

Mussolini lost majority of his power to circulate his ideas, so he issued a newspaper holding his logo and to promote his ideas. On 15/11/1914 issued Popolo Detalia newspaper, and started calling youth to enter the war. Those supporters were mixed of Universities students; Syndikalists and socialists and group of laborers. He named such group Fascists which the movement carried such name in 1919. Then this movement was developed to a party in 1922 which carried Mussolini the to Italian government whereas he became national leader during the term 1922-1945.

On 28/4/1945 he was overthrown and arrested with his Mistress Clara Betatshi while they were running away to Switzerland. They were subject to trial and sentenced to death. After a short time they were killed by guns then dragged to the middle of Milano city where they were hanged from their legs. The rebel public passed the police lines and their bodies were subject to distortion. A woman fired five bullets from her pistol on Mussolini body; each bullet is for one of her kids who were lost in the war?. (Budhunba, p.900).

Mussolini accepted the King's call for the formation of the Ministry within un-stabled conditions after Jiolitti Liberal management. Mussolini arrived to the power due to the democratic systems insufficiency, and for his political tactic talents and Demography (Cronwell, p.32). In the first beginnings Mussolini focused to centralize the power in his hands for a long time, once possible, and ridiculed all institutes and Italian organizations sources to carry out his wishes (Greenville, 1980).

formed coalition government represented by all main parties including socialists until Italy, as the circumstances were available to the government; most of classes were supporting thereof including senior owners & land owners who were looking for strong government that protect them from Communists sovereignty. Also his movement was supported by the University professors and students, vocational people, youth and those who were objecting the deteriorating conditions in the country since 1914. All were hoping to have strict national government who shall purify the management, reform the regime management, and direct the country policy towards nationalism.

i. Fascism Government Procedures Mussolini started during the first three years of his regime to support the Fascism party stand, fasten its stand in Italy via methods such as:

? Strengthening the Fascism management by deporting unwanted elements, cancelling local defense societies in January 1923 to be replaced by Fascism Militias formed from strong men selected via military methods to defend the Fascism movements and maintaining the public system. Such military group was the most prominent features of the Fascism system formed by Mussolini and has the extreme impact to strengthen this management and defending thereof, in the same time instill fear and horror in the hearts of opponents.

? The Militias system was military & firm requires all to address loyalty and obedience oath towards Il Duce (Mussolini) his supreme president (Fayed, p. 71-72).

The youth were organized in groups under the party leaders supervision since their early childhood; starting from 6-8 years old and called Della Lope.

Youth from (8-14) years old was called Balila, (14-18), called Avanguardia, while from 18-21 it was called Giovanni Gasciti. (Al-Batreq, p.46). Those Militias played important role in supporting the executive power in the government, and contributed in deporting everybody who is suspected to object the government leader obedience, and used to apply this threats, cruelty, moderation, strength and advisory to achieve its goals.

? Mussolini excluded individuals who hate Fascism ideas from the government departments and systems, or resisted the Fascism, and in the same time he preferred the political trends that are close to his ideas. He could achieve understanding with the Italian national party and merge such party in the Fascism party during March 1923.

He closed all Masonic lodges which enjoyed big power, and conducted changes in the managerial, central and auxiliary leaderships. He replaced all elected local heads and mayors by employees selected from his party (Kitchen,p.138).

In order to consolidate his power he issued orders to arrest each of communists' leaders Bradiga and Antonio Gramasci . The latest was political leader and Italian Philosopher; he joined the socialism party and filled the office of Secretary General of the party in 1917. He established in 1919, Ordine Nuovo magazine, and played important role by alliance with Toliati and Bradiga. He was elected as Torino parliamentary representative during the term 1924-1926. The Fascism movement stripped him from his office and arrested him in 1926 thence sentenced him by 20 years in Jail. Then and due to his sickness he was exempted from such penalty. (Tarabishi, 1987, p. 392-393). Also Mussolini arrested and abused many other leaders who refused his presidency.

Whereas Mussolini party did not have more than 6% of parliament seats (Al-Batreq, p. 244), his status as prime Minister of democratic constitutional government was serious and odd, as he did not depend on the parliamentary majority. So he intended to change the elections valid law, and leaned to threats as a weapon to obtain the required majority in the parliament, stating that if the law is not passed then the parliamentary system shall be on the line, and thus he issued new election law in July 1923 which was passed by the parliament and stating that the party who receives relative voting majority, shall have the right to have two third of the parliament seats provided that such relative majority shall not be less than one fourth of the votes (Fayed, p. 72-75).

Mussolini continued in acquiring wide powers in the parliament, and get ride of his opponents in the parliament. Then he dissolved the parliament at the beginnings of 1924 and issued decree for new elections and emphasized on not interfering in the elections, full freedom of the electors, and the parties and bodies have the right to elect its representatives. But in fact he did not offer the opportunity for propaganda except for his Fascism party. The Fascism troops were mobilized, which used carrot and stick policy in addition to bribery at wide range to guarantee the Fascism nominees victory in the elections.

The elections resulted in Fascism nominees victory in the elections who obtained 4.8 Million votes, Socialists came in the second degree who obtained one Million votes. Fascists became after elections owners of the parliamentary majority, and thus they filled two third of the seats out of 268 total seats in the House of Representatives.

In fact the opponents' representatives chaired by Matteoti Giacomo who was he chief of socialist party, started attacking, severely, the government and criticized the elections process describing thereof to be forged and fabricated and committing crimes in the law name. Opposition campaigns continued which caused collision between fascists and socialists, battles continued in the streets, cities and villages. The outcomes brought back disturbance into Italy.

Therefore, Mussolini, within his attempts to achieving his political goals, proceeded to employ every available mean to enhance his power and his party power as well until Italy returned to disturbance and unrest status which was described similar to such unrests which took place after the First World War.

Mussolini employed violence in facing his opponents; murder & kidnapping (Gokhale, p.249). Fascism gangs attached Matteoti who used to criticize Mussollini and his electoral tactics, and thus he was assassinated in serious circumstances. On 24 th of June, Mussolini was condemned by the parliament of his involvement in the assassination crime and was considered partner in the crime. But the Kind did nothing on such matter (Greenville, 1980,p.291). The Opponents left the parliament, due to horror case which took place after the assassination of the above leader. Thence Mussolini personality overwhelmed at political and national level, the king retreated, and did not try to face Fascism. Mussolini did not cancel the monarchy, but the parliament lost his legislative strength.

Mussolini power increased and he worked to maintain 8 ministerial offices out of 15 offices. He further became entitled to issue decrees which acquired law competency, without neither parliamentary objection nor ministerial one. He was able to direct and control the internal and external policy depending on the army who practiced sovereignty thereon, in his capacity as the armed forces leader. The Fascism party acquired more strength and the supreme council of Fascism party, which was established in 1923 to hear the party's political issues, became the advisory council of the government and thence powers source. The foregoing council leaders occupied the Ministerial offices and Mussolini became the sole sovereignty leader. Further each individual who wanted to join the party shall address the following oath: I swear to obey ll Dutshi orders, serve the Fascism revolution purposes in all my strength and sacrifice my blood to serve thereof if necessary "(Al-Batreq, p.245).

Mussolini tightened his grip finally on the government and worked to issue Royal order to establish body called "governmental presidency divan" chaired by the existing government president, all other Italian parties retreated and the Fascism party became the sole legal party in Italy in 1926. The foregoing fulfilled Mussolini wish who said "All parties shall be vanished, I want to see such political parties' ruins around me, and once this takes place, the Fascism stands alone representing Italy strength and permanent sovereignty. (Ibid, p. 245).

Through its control over executive and legislative power, Fascism worked to issue some sequence law and decrees to tighten the personal freedom & civil rights; press freedom is vanished, meetings and speeches are prohibited, and any propaganda to any opponents ideas were considered crime subject to legal perjury and severe sanctions. Special courts were established to hear such crimes and issue its fast rules. Accordingly the Fascism set out an end for all freedoms in Italy. (New Cambridge, p. 496).

Italy remained fully controlled by Fascists until 1928 (six years from Mussolini regime), all parliamentary representatives and government members were selected from Fascism party. (Gokhale, p.74).

IV.

Many achievements were accrued under Mussolini government, most prominent ones are:

? Great development in the agriculture field; increasing agricultural production after lands reclamation, drying the swamps and planting trees in the mountains, and Italy achieved endogenous capacity as to food production through launching Wheat battle initiative as importing wheat was reduced at 75% as at 1935. (Lowe, p.74).

? Developing transportation; opening new streets, maintaining thereof, increasing railways, starting to us electricity in railways and developing ports.

? Increase electricity generation, which was doubled in 1937, increasing depending on electricity to operate factories. Steel production was doubled by 1930, and the artificial silk production was increased up to ten doubles.

? Organize laborers and public service and include them in syndicates represented by laborers and employers, National council for syndicates was established which replaced the representatives council and converted to political authority controlled by the government in order to give the impression that it is corporative state. The laborers were qualified, trained and organized, they started sharing in the public life; forming sports teams. All of the foregoing contributed in decreasing idleness trend and in the same time the government encourages and enhanced constructions issue, especially in zones which were prepared to build new cities and towns.

? Increasing the state authority, corporate national business which presented Italy as united state. (Gokhale, p .246).

? Although Italy depended on Industry, but there were not enough efforts in coal and oil reserves field.

150 in 1926. This step worked to make exports costly in the global markets, and reduced the demands on Italian cotton industries. The laborers worked 3 days/week, and thus their income was reduced at 10-20% before the global economical crises in 1929.

? The Fascism system failed in terms of social services, the state did to achieve any luxury, and there were no governmental health insurance available in Italy up to 1943. There was limited insurance to face idleness, which was not developed due to national increasing depression.

? The Fascism system was ineffective & corruptive, so execution was not done in may of policies in complete and suitable manner; i.e. even the lands reclamation propaganda, the respective program was not carried out until 1939, and such program was sopped before the start 2 nd . World War, as well as financial provision disappeared as these were stolen by Official corrupts. (lowe, p.75-76).

After 1928, the Fascism supreme council representatives started to nominate list of nominees as to parliament council, electors' role therein was only voting either with or against it. The system was designed in a way to guarantee that Mussolini shall stay in the state. The propaganda had marketed Mussolini as genius to the extent that Mussolini himself believed in such feature. (Watson, 1991, p.101).

From the other side, Mussolini assured the necessity to decrease POPE and the Catholic Church political power, independent strength in Italy. In the same time the Fascists declared their trend as Anti -Communism. Also Mussolini allowed Religious teaching in the schools. Mussolini could lastly, after long negotiations started in 1926 up to 1929 to sign agreement with the POPE called Lateran accords, under which Vatican independency was declared in its city and the government re-recognized the Catholic Church and its religious power in Italy. Fascism contribution was considered introduction to establish corporate state, disputes therein are discussed as internal and domestic manner (Cornwell, p. 32).

Duce II power started to increase, and Mussolini represented international leader in terms of military and economy, and he looked like as if he converted Italian people to Romans Conquerors (Greenville, p.293). From that point Mussolini troops fought, severely, in Libya and Somalia against Bedouin weak tribes. On course Mussolini could do much in that regards without help from Britain and France.

In 1923, Mussolini tried, via Notations league, to acquire Corfu Island from Greece, but Britain and France interfered in the matter which forced him to retreat from the Island. In the next year Mussolini tried to occupy Fiume and include thereof to Italy to enhance his image as Superman who works hard to build Great Italy (Gokhale, p.250).

Further, and in 9/12/1928 is issued new elections law, which was amended on 14/12/1929, via which the Fascism party became the supreme council and the constitutional central body in the state. This was the first step in the merger of state in the party. In 1929, the parliamentary elections were carried out based on Fascism list and acquired 8.5 millions votes, while in the second elections it acquired 10 Million votes. Such results did not satisfy Mussolini, and the Fascism leaders discussed the matter to replace the Supreme Fascism council instead of the Parliament.

In his speech in November 1934, Mussolini declared stating some people exceeded the era and they started talking about the parliament council end. The day where the council shall decide its fate shall come soon. There are fascists and such occasion may cause them to cry.. If such people are existed they have to know from now, that we shall not wipe there tears, but it is possible but reasonable that the syndicates' council shall replace such council and practices its business. The current council is not the council which I support or accept as its existence contradicts the current era and does not move in line with the era requirements. It is system that we inherited but in fact is differs than our minds and thinking as well as our Fascism activities. The existence of such council is supposition to continue life in the world which the Fascism destroyed and determined that the party majority shall exists and allow re-attacks on the regime operation, adopt it or otherwise. Since this day where the party majority is revoked the main reason is no longer available as to its existence, and thus its presence justifications are sopped (Fayed, p. 78-79).

Mussolini expressed his Fascism trend and defined thereof as civilized ideal frame in this century in Europe in its fourth advancement stage? and the Fascism grants Europe ambition for its regular institutions and inspiration from its experiment (Gokhale,1982, p.250).

Mussolini followed rough and strong policy within national frame in Europe, in order to present Italy in civilized and advanced stand and has its role to retexting 20 th . Century civilization in Fascists method as stated above. So he, for example, and in 1923, once he killed four Italian students in Border skirmishes between Greece and Albania, intended to present himself as Albany protector and demanded to apologize and compensation from Greeks, and once they refused his demand he hit Greece by artillery thence he occupied Corfu (Cornwell, p.33). became part of Italy, while the Slovak surrounding lands became Yugoslavia territories. This proved that he dealt in strong military manner and political toughness in Italian colonization issue in Ethiopia and Somalia. He started his Expansionist colonial policy foreign police as worrier (Gokhale,p.250) and assured in many occasions that Italy is ready and is establishing its military troops, marine and air force, once we can hear our voice then we shall force others to recognize our rights (Renouvin, p.239).

His policy was rough with France, either its existence in Tunisia or Italian stand in Tunisia under the French Colonization. He established Fascist newspaper, claimed their rights and to draw the borders between Libya and Tunisia. In 1928 Italians established marine bases and air Force bases in Rodos Island/Leros, as well as Porto Lagos in order to set limit for the French and British superiority in the Mediterranean sea.

In addition to fascist ideas contribution in developing the political system in Europe; i.e. depending on party Militias defends power, depending on strength, permanent mobilization of individuals to serve the state, considering the sole party as driving force in the state, he depended to raise youth and organize military camps for these youth in all countries that is affected by Fascism theory. We could notice that the Fascist Italian demands have its deep impact to drive its European and colonial policy in the same time.

Italy considered Corsican Island areas, Niece and Savoy Italian territories. These Italian alleges caused strained relations between both states. In 1923 Mussolini merged Dodecanese islands which Italians occupied during the Italian-Turkish war in 1912 temporarily. They started practice their sovereignty therein since 1922. Such Islands have its special importance as its location is close to Small Asia and it could be used to establish Air and marine bases and further these islands are considered commercial support point to face France power in the Mediterranean Sea.

Italy could guarantee Tangier's Neutrality, while it invaded Ethiopia to establish link between its colonies in Somalia and Eretria. In spite of the nation's league decisions, but Mussolini fought strongly in Ethiopia, and remained in the territories which fell under his power therein even though the Nations league appeals. Mussolini relations with Germany were strengthened in 1928. Rome-Berlin Axis was declared in 1936 (Gokhale,p.250), and the relations between Germany and Italy became more stronger an close after Italian occupation to Ethiopia in 1936, whereas Germany recognized Italian invasion as to Eastern Africa, and further cooperated with it to support General Franco in the Spanish national war. Mussolini supported Germany step to include Austria in 1938.

While Italy allayed with Germany, Austria & Hungary, but its relation with France & Poland became worse. We noticed that Italian -British relations was friendly since 1926, once the British Foreign affairs Minister (Austin Chamberlain), visited Italy and friendship (English -Italian) was declared and Mussolini also called and seconded this friendly relations with Britain in the Italian Senate council in June 1928, and declared that it is a appoint out of original points) for his foreign policy (Renouvin, p.238), and further the relations between Italy and Britain was shaped by favoritism, while Italy entered in the 2 nd World war within Rome -Berlin Axis signed in 1930.

From the other side, the Fascism impact, its Totalitarian regime and its dictatorship was converted to Spain, Germany, & Portugal, respectively. Fascism management methods were used in wide manner during the term between both world wars via the regimes which were called (Anti-Nationalism) in some of Eastern Europe countries, South East Europe & Latin America, but the Fascism reached its final text in Germany whereas it was coupled with Hitler Dictatorship in 1933 ( Blank, 1984, p.9).

Also the 2 nd world war started by Fascism, and human losses registered 50-55 Million people, while wounded persons registered (34-35) Millions, disabled persons registered (20-25) Millions, while epidemics and hunger reaped (8-12) million humans. Total estimations of the financial capacities which were destroyed by the war in all countries who took part in the war at that time prices are 316.3 Billions US$ (Blank, 1984, p. 8-9).

V.

This research tackles the Fascism Movement emergence in its country of origin; Italy, factors thereof, movement's development within intellectual, theoretical, organizational and political frame, as well as the research indicated, in brief, to some of to leaders thereof.

Moreover, it reviewed the fascist state procedures during its sovereignty and receiving the power in Italy, including achievements and deadlocks. Further the research handled review in terms of the Fascism conversion to dictatorship totalitarian regime mocking of Parliamentary Democracy and glorifies Individuality.

We could notice that the Fascism movement impact on Europe confirmed to be big whether in terms of Fascism theory prevalence in the regime or political procedures which Fascism performed to fulfill its political declarations and also Fascism interaction in the political, international and global centers, as to its stand from colonization and developing its power to achieve its regional and international ambitions.

The research handled also Fascism impact on Spain, Germany, Portugal, and Italy connection with